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44. Woodrow Wilson, Message to gress, April 2, 1917, inU.S. Presidents and Fn Policy from 1789 to the Present, ed. Carl C. Hodge and Cathal J. Nolan (Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABCCLIO, 2007), 396. 45. Peace Without Victory, January 22, 1917, in supplement toAmeri Journal of Iional Law 11 (1917): 323. 46. Wilson, Message to gress, April 2, 1917, inPresident Wilsons Great Speeches, and Other History, Making Dots (Chicago: Stanton and Van Vliet, 1917), 17ndash;18. 47. Woodrow Wilson, Fifth Annual Message, December 4, 1917, inUates gressional Serial Set 7443 (Washington, D.C.: Gover Printing Office, 1917), 41. 48. Woodrow Wilson, An Address at Mount Vernon, July 4, 1918, in Link,Papers, 48:516. 49. Wilson, Message to gress, April 2, 1917,President Wilsons Great Speeches, 18. 50. Wilson, Fifth Annual Message, December 4, 1917, in The Fn Policy of President Woodrow Wilson: Messages, Addresses and Papers,ed. James Brown Scott (New York: Oxford Uy Press, 1918), 306. 51. Ibid. See als, Wilson, 472ndash;73. 52. Woodrow Wilson, Remarks at Suresnes Cemetery on Memorial Day, May 30, 1919, in Link,Papers, 59:608ndash;9. 53. Lloyd Gee, Wilson memorandum, March 25, 1919, in Ray Stannard Baker, ed.,Woodrow Wilson and World Settlement (New York: Doubleday, Page, 1922), 2:450. For a ference partits at of the sometimes less than idealistic process by which the new national borders were drawn, see Harold Nicolson,Peacemaking, 1919 (1933; London: Faber Faber, 2009). For a porary analysis, see Margaret MacMillan,Paris 1919: Six Months That ged the World(New York: Random House, 2002). 54. Address, January 22, 1917, in Link,Papers, 40:536ndash;37. 55. Wilson, Message to gress, April 2, 1917,President Wilsons Great Speeches, 18. 56. Wilson, Address to a Joint Session of gress on the ditions of Peace (January 8, 1918) (Fourteen Points), inPresident Wilsons Great Speeches, 18. See als, Wilson, 469ndash;72. 57. 一般情況下,在主要大國(guó)力量沒有直接卷入的地區(qū),當(dāng)它們都認(rèn)為有必要監(jiān)控有關(guān)國(guó)家之間協(xié)議的落實(shí)情況時(shí),聯(lián)合國(guó)提供了有益的維和機(jī)制。聯(lián)合國(guó)比國(guó)聯(lián)強(qiáng)得多,履行了許多重要職能:為處于困難中的外交接觸提供論壇,完成了幾次重大的維和行動(dòng),推出了許多人道主義舉措。這些國(guó)際機(jī)制未能做到也不可能完成的是:當(dāng)大國(guó)有分歧的時(shí)候,它們無(wú)法參與判斷哪一項(xiàng)具體行為構(gòu)成了侵略,無(wú)法決定采取什么方式抵制侵略。 58. Differences Between the North Atlantic Treaty and Traditional Military Alliances, appendix to the testimony of Ambassador Warren Austin, April 28, 1949, in U.S. Senate, ittee on Fions,The North Atlantic Treaty, hearings, 81st g., 1st sess. (Washington, D.C.: Gover Printing Office, 1949), pt. I. 59. Roosevelt to James Bryovember 19, 1918, iters of Theodore Roosevelt, ed. Elting E. Morrison (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Uy Press, 1954), 8:1400. 60. 為了鎮(zhèn)壓對(duì)意大利殖民擴(kuò)張的抵抗,1935年,墨索里尼下令意大利軍隊(duì)入侵了今天的埃塞俄比亞。盡管國(guó)際上齊聲譴責(zé),國(guó)聯(lián)也沒有采取集體安全措施。通過不加區(qū)分地轟炸和使用毒氣,意大利占領(lǐng)了阿比西尼亞。這個(gè)新生的國(guó)際共同體既沒有有效地應(yīng)對(duì)日本帝國(guó)入侵中國(guó)東北地區(qū),也沒有對(duì)這次意大利的侵略采取行動(dòng),導(dǎo)致國(guó)聯(lián)名存實(shí)亡。 61. 美國(guó)與他國(guó)達(dá)成的規(guī)定放棄戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)作為國(guó)家政策的條約,1928年8月27日于巴黎簽署,1929年1月16日參議院建議批準(zhǔn),1929年1月17日由總統(tǒng)批準(zhǔn)。批準(zhǔn)書于1929年3月2日分別存放于美國(guó)(華盛頓)、澳大利亞、加拿大自治領(lǐng)、捷克斯洛伐克、德國(guó)、英國(guó)、印度、愛爾蘭自由邦、意大利、新西蘭和南非聯(lián)邦,1929年3月26日存放于波蘭,1929年3月27日存放于比利時(shí),1929年4月22日存放于法國(guó),1929年7月24日存放于日本,1929年7月24日宣布生效。 62. See Peter Clarke,The Last Thousand Days of the British Empire: Churchill, Roosevelt, and the Birth of the Pax Ameria(New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2009). 63. Radio Address at Dinner of Fn Policy Association, New York, October 21, 1944, inPresidential Profiles: The FDR Yearsed. William D. Peterson (New York: Facts on File, 2006), 429. 64. Fourth Inaugural Address, January 20, 1945, inMy Fellow Ameris: Presidential Inaugural Addresses from Gee Washington to Baraa(St. Petersburg, Fla.: Red and Black Publishers, 2009). 65. William C. Bullitt, Hoon the War and Lost the Peace,Life, August 30, 1948, as quoted in Arnold Bei, Roosevelts Failure at Yalta,Humanitas 16, no. 1 (2003): 104. 66. 羅斯福一抵達(dá)德黑蘭,斯大林就宣稱蘇聯(lián)情報(bào)部門發(fā)現(xiàn)了納粹的陰謀,企圖在峰會(huì)上一起暗殺丘吉爾、羅斯福和斯大林,代號(hào)遠(yuǎn)跳。美國(guó)代表團(tuán)成員對(duì)蘇聯(lián)的報(bào)告深表懷疑。 Keith Eubank, Summit at Teheran: The Untold Story (New York: William Morrow, 1985), 188ndash;96. 67. As quoted in T. A. Taracouzio,ea Soviet Diplomaew York: Macmillan, 1940), 139ndash;40. 68. Charles Bohlen,Wito History, 1929ndash;1969 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1973), 211. See also Bei, Roosevelts Failure at Yalta, 210ndash;11. 69. rad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom (New York: PublicAffairs, 2003). 雖然我傾向于布萊克的解釋,但羅斯福也可以稱得上是斯芬克斯,不會(huì)給出明確的答案。溫斯頓middot;丘吉爾概括起來比較容易。戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)期間,他曾若有所思地說,如果他能每周在克里姆林宮吃一頓飯,一切都會(huì)好起來的。隨著二戰(zhàn)接近結(jié)束,他命令參謀長(zhǎng)準(zhǔn)備與蘇聯(lián)開戰(zhàn)。