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3. Vasili O. Kliuchevsky,A Course in Russian History: The Seveh tury (Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), 366. See also Hosking,Russia, 4. 4. John P. LeDohe Russian Empire and the World, 1700ndash;1917: The Geopolitics of Expansion and tai (New York: Oxford Uy Press, 1997), 348. 5. Henry Adams,The Education of Henry Adams (1907; New York: Modern Library, 1931), 439. 6. Orlando Figes,Natashas Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (New York: Picador, 2002), 376ndash;77. 7. 1864年俄國軍隊(duì)開進(jìn)今天的烏茲別克斯坦時(shí),外交大臣戈?duì)柷】品虬讯韲臄U(kuò)張定義為完全靠自身力量驅(qū)動(dòng)的平定周邊地區(qū)的一項(xiàng)永久性的義務(wù): 國家(俄國)因此必須做出一項(xiàng)抉擇:要么放棄這一不間斷的努力,從而導(dǎo)致邊界地區(qū)動(dòng)亂不已,難以實(shí)現(xiàn)繁榮、安全和文化進(jìn)步;要么不斷向荒蠻之地縱深挺進(jìn),每向前走一步,長途跋涉造成的困難就會(huì)增大一分,這不是出于野心,而是出于緊迫的需要。最難的是不需要再往前走。 Gee Verdansky, ed., A Source Book for Russian History: From Early Times to 1917(New Haven, .: Yale Uy Press, 1972), 3:610. 8. Marquis de Custine, Empire of the Czar, 230. 現(xiàn)代學(xué)者對此仍在進(jìn)行研究。 See, for example, Charles J. Halperin, Russia and the Golden Horde: The Mongol Impaedieval Russian History (Indianapolis: Indiana Uy Press, 1985); Paul Harrison Silfen, The Influence of the Mongols on Russia: A Dimensional History (Hicksville, N.Y.: Exposition Press,1974). 9. 彼得大帝事必躬親的霸氣作風(fēng)令西歐國家感到驚奇。他在荷蘭時(shí)去碼頭當(dāng)木匠,在倫敦時(shí)拆卸鐘表,再把它們修好。他還嘗試牙科醫(yī)學(xué)和解剖學(xué)領(lǐng)域里的新成果,令他的隨從提心吊膽。See Virginia Cowles, The Romanovs (New York: Harper Row, 1971), 33ndash;37; Robert K. Massie, Peter the Great (New York: Ballantine Books, 1980), 188ndash;89, 208. 10. B. H. Sumner,Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia (New York: Collier Books, 1962), 45. 11. Cowles,Romanovs, 26ndash;28; Sumner,Peter the Great and the Emergence of Russia, 27; Figes,Natashas Dance, 4ndash;6. 12. Catherine II,Nakaz (Instru) to the Legislative ission of 1767ndash;68, in Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, 80. 13. Maria Lipman, Lev Gudkov, Lasha Bakradze, and Thomas de Waal, The Stalin Puzzle: Deciphering PostSoviet Public Opinion (Washington, D.C.: egie Endowment for Iional Peace, 2013) (對當(dāng)代俄羅斯人的民意調(diào)查顯示,47%的人接受以下說法:斯大林是一位睿智的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人,他使蘇聯(lián)繁榮強(qiáng)大。30%的俄羅斯人認(rèn)同以下說法:我國人民永遠(yuǎn)需要一位像斯大林一樣的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人。他將現(xiàn)身恢復(fù)秩序。) 14. Catherine II,Nakaz (Instru) to the Legislative ission of 1767ndash;68, 80. 15. Nikolai Karamzin on Czar Alexander I, as quoted in W. Bruce Lin,The Romanovs: Autocrats of All the Russias (New York: Anchor Books, 1981), 489. 16. Halperin,Russia and the Golden Horde,126. 17. Fyodor Dostoevsky,A Writers Diary (1881), as quoted in Figes,Natashas Dance, 308. 18. Pyotr Chaadaev, Philosophical Letter (1829, published 1836), as quoted in Figes,Natashas Dance, 132, and Dmytryshyn, Imperial Russia, 251. 恰達(dá)耶夫的評論因一針見血而廣為流傳,盡管當(dāng)局馬上查封此文,宣布作者有神經(jīng)病,并把他置于警察監(jiān)視之下。 19. Mikhail Nikiforovich Katkov, May 24, 1882, editorial inMoskovskie vedomosti (Mosews), as excerpted in Verdansky,A Source Book for Russian History, 3:676. 20. Figes,Natashas Dance, 150. 21. Lin, The Romanovs, 404ndash;5. 22. Ibid., 405. 23. Wilhelm Schwarz,Die Heilige Allianz (Stuttgart, 1935), 52. 24. 指1954年聯(lián)邦德國決定加入大西洋聯(lián)盟。它曾與今天新結(jié)成的伙伴打了一場殘酷的戰(zhàn)爭,聯(lián)邦德國做出的這一決定距它在戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束時(shí)宣布無條件投降還不到10年。 25. Klemens voernich,Aus Metterniachgelassenen Papieren, ed. Alfons v. Klinkowstroem (Vienna, 1881), 1:316. 26. Palmerstons dispato. 6 to the Marquess of ricarde (ambassador in St. Petersburg), January 11, 1841, inThe Fn Policy of Victorian England, ed. Keh Bourne (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1970), 252ndash;53. 27. See Isaiah Berlin,Vid Herder: Two Studies in the History of Ideas (New York: Viking,1976), 158, 204. 28. Jacques Barzun, From Dawn to Dece: 500 Years of Western Cultural Life (New York: Perennial, 2000), 482. 29. Sir Lewis Namier,Vanished Supremacies: Essays on European History, 1812ndash;1918 (NewYork: Penguin Books, 1958), 203. 30. Otto von Bismarck,Die gesammelten Werke, 3rd ed. (Berlin, 1924), 1: 375. 31. The battle was memorialized in classic literature on both sides, including Alfred Tennysons Charge of the Light Brigade aolstoysTales of Sevastopol. See Nicholas V. Riasanovsky,A History of Russia (Oxford: Oxford Uy Press, 2000), 336ndash;39. 32.Allgemeische Biographie 33 (Leipzig: Duncker Humblot, 1891),266. Metternich left offi 1848. 33. Heinrich Sbrik,Metternich, der Staatsmann und der Mensch, 2 vols. (Munich, 1925), 1:354, as cited in Henry A. Kissihe servative Dilemma: Refles on the Political Thought of Metternich,Ameri Political Sce Review 48, no. 4 (December 1954): 1027.